CAD-CAM Systems in Dentistry

Introduction

Computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD-CAM) have brought a revolutionary transformation to dentistry in recent years. This technology offers patients a more comfortable and faster treatment process while enabling dentists to create more precise and successful restorations. The history, applications, working principles, and advantages of CAD-CAM systems represent a significant transformation in the field of dentistry.

History of CAD-CAM Systems

Applications

Today, CAD/CAM systems are widely used for various dental restorations, including inlays, onlays, laminate veneers, partial crowns, full crowns, bridge systems, and the framework of removable partial dentures. Additionally, they are effectively utilized in designing and manufacturing surgical stents for implant surgery. This system is also frequently used in the preparation of maxillofacial prostheses and plays a crucial role in designing and manufacturing the infrastructure of implant-supported prostheses.

Working Principle

The CAD/CAM system first captures digital impressions using an intraoral scanner. These impressions are transferred to computer software, where the restoration is designed. The dentist plans the most suitable smile design through a three-dimensional image, combining the patient's preferences with professional recommendations. After selecting the appropriate shade, the CAD system is used to mill the restoration. This method minimizes the time loss associated with conventional impression-taking processes and reduces potential errors.

In summary, all CAD/CAM systems technically consist of three stages:

• Surface scanning and digital transfer of the oral environment to the computer (Computer Surface Digitization, CSD)
• Restoration design (Computer-Aided Design, CAD)
• Restoration manufacturing (Computer-Aided Manufacturing, CAM)

Advantages

• Eliminates traditional impression-taking methods.
• Enables faster restoration production.
• Reduces error potential.
• Prevents cross-contamination.
• Decreases condensation, melting, and fusing processes.
• Allows single-visit restorations.
• Eliminates the need for conventional impression-taking and temporary crown fabrication.
• Reduces technical procedures.

The CAD-CAM system combines the concepts of computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM). The first instance of intraoral tissue imaging on a computer was achieved by Bruce Altschuler, a U.S. citizen, in 1977. In 1983, during the Garanciere conference in France, the first dental CAD-CAM prototype was introduced, marking a groundbreaking advancement in dentistry.

Factors for Success

• Clarity of the intraoral scanner and milling unit.
• Limitations of the software and design algorithms.
• Competence of the dentist and technician.
• Careful execution of cementation and finishing processes.
• Ease of milling and efficient finishing procedures (polishing, staining, and glazing) of the materials used.

Conclusion

CAD-CAM systems have transformed dental practice into a more efficient, fast, and patient-friendly process. However, the success of these systems depends on technical knowledge and professional expertise. Therefore, continuous education and effective use of technology by dentists and technicians are essential.

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